SMRTR Science & EngineeringNov 16, 2025Scientific American

Scientists Create 3.3 Trillion Degree Particle Soup to Mimic the Universe Just after the Big Bang

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Scientists using a particle collider smashed gold nuclei at nearly light speed, creating quark-gluon plasma that reached 3.3 trillion degrees Celsius—220,000 times hotter than the sun's core. This breakthrough measurement helps researchers understand how the universe transitioned from primordial particle soup to atomic building blocks after the Big Bang.

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