SMRTR Science & EngineeringJul 17, 2025John D. Cook

Multiples and powers mod 1

SMRTR summary

The distribution of xn mod 1 for real numbers x > 1 is examined. For most x, the sequence is uniformly distributed in [0, 1]. However, exceptions exist, like √2 and the golden ratio, where patterns emerge. The uniform distribution of (3 + √2)n mod 1 remains uncertain, highlighting the complexity of this mathematical phenomenon.

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