SMRTR Science & EngineeringJun 23, 2025Quanta Magazine

Matter vs. Force: Why There Are Exactly Two Types of Particles

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Fundamental particles are classified as either bosons or fermions. Bosons, like photons, can occupy the same space and create forces. Fermions, like electrons, must differ from each other and make up matter. This distinction stems from their spin properties and determines how particles behave in groups.

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